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  • Neo Energy Extends South African Approval Timetable While Maintaining Beisa Development Schedule (NEO)

    Neo Energy Extends South African Approval Timetable While Maintaining Beisa Development Schedule (NEO)

    Neo Energy Metals (LSE:NEO) has agreed with Sibanye-Stillwater to extend key regulatory deadlines associated with the acquisition of the New Beisa Node project in South Africa. The revised timetable grants regulators an additional six months, moving the deadline for approval of the carve-out of the Beatrix 4 Shaft mining right to 6 December 2026.

    The carve-out approval represents the first major regulatory step required for Neo Energy’s acquisition of the asset. As a consequence of the extension, the deadline for the subsequent transfer of the mining right to Neo Energy has also been revised, with completion now targeted by 6 June 2027. The changes follow the fact that the Minister of Mineral and Petroleum Resources has not yet granted the initial approvals required under the transaction structure.

    Despite the delay, both Neo Energy and Sibanye-Stillwater have expressed confidence that the approvals process will conclude successfully. The companies cited ongoing constructive engagement with South African regulators and noted that no material objections have emerged during the review process.

    Importantly, Neo Energy stated that operational planning for the New Beisa Node remains unaffected. The company continues to target first gold production in December 2027, with uranium production expected to follow thereafter. Management believes the revised regulatory timetable does not currently alter the broader development schedule or the project’s strategic objectives.

    The New Beisa Node project benefits from extensive existing infrastructure, including a processing plant capable of handling 120,000 tonnes per month and established underground mining access. The project hosts measured and indicated resources containing 26.8 million pounds of uranium and 1.2 million ounces of gold. Based on current development plans, the operation is expected to support a mine life of approximately 17 years, with forecast all-in sustaining costs below US$30 per pound of uranium equivalent.

    Neo Energy’s longer-term growth strategy is further supported by its Henkries Node project in South Africa’s Northern Cape. The project is expected to produce around 580,000 pounds of uranium annually at an estimated cash cost of approximately US$33 per pound. A feasibility study completed in 2024 outlined attractive project economics, supporting management’s ambition to establish Neo Energy as a significant uranium producer.

    The combination of two advanced uranium projects, substantial existing infrastructure and defined mineral resources provides the company with a platform for future production growth while strengthening its position within the uranium sector at a time of increasing global interest in nuclear energy.

    More About Neo Energy Metals

    Neo Energy Metals is a uranium and gold development company focused on South African mining assets. The company is listed on the London Stock Exchange’s Main Market and on A2X, with a planned Johannesburg Stock Exchange listing targeted for 2026. Across its portfolio, Neo Energy controls JORC- and SAMREC-compliant resources totalling 31.5 million pounds of uranium and 1.2 million ounces of gold.

    Its flagship New Beisa Node project, located in the Free State Goldfields, is a brownfield uranium-gold development situated on the former Beatrix 4 Shaft property. The asset benefits from more than US$500 million of historic investment and extensive surface and underground infrastructure. Neo Energy’s second key asset, the Henkries Node project in the Northern Cape, hosts a near-surface palaeochannel uranium deposit supported by successful pilot-scale processing work and a feasibility study demonstrating low-capital, high-margin development potential.

  • Springfield Properties Eliminates Bank Debt as Northern Scotland Expansion Strategy Gains Momentum (SPR)

    Springfield Properties Eliminates Bank Debt as Northern Scotland Expansion Strategy Gains Momentum (SPR)

    Springfield Properties (LSE:SPR) has strengthened its financial position by eliminating all bank debt, ending FY2026 with an estimated net bank cash balance of approximately £1 million. The result significantly exceeded market expectations, which had anticipated net bank debt of around £10 million at year end, and marks a substantial turnaround from the group’s peak net bank debt position of £93.4 million recorded in November 2023.

    The achievement reflects a combination of disciplined cost management, effective working capital control and a continued focus on balance-sheet improvement. With debt no longer a constraint, Springfield believes it is well positioned to pursue growth and investment opportunities during FY2027 and FY2028 while maintaining financial flexibility.

    For FY2026, the company expects to report revenue of approximately £245 million, with adjusted profit before tax in line with market forecasts. Performance has been supported by continued growth across both its private housing and affordable housing divisions, demonstrating resilience in core markets despite broader economic uncertainties.

    A central element of Springfield’s strategy is its increasing focus on the North of Scotland, where demand for housing is being driven by large-scale energy infrastructure and renewable energy developments. The company recently reached an initial agreement with SSEN Transmission relating to the delivery of nearly 300 homes connected to electricity grid upgrade projects. At the same time, Springfield continues to expand its regional land portfolio to capitalise on long-term housing demand supported by government policy and economic investment.

    Management believes its partnership with SSEN Transmission, together with planning reforms introduced through Highland Council’s Masterplan Consent Areas, will enhance the company’s ability to deliver housing required to support major energy and renewables projects. Strong regional demand and the prospect of house price growth are also expected to help offset potential cost inflation arising from geopolitical pressures, including tensions in the Middle East.

    The company views Scotland’s ongoing housing shortage as a significant long-term opportunity, particularly given supportive government initiatives such as affordable housing funding programmes and shared equity schemes aimed at helping first-time buyers enter the market.

    With a strengthened balance sheet, growing activity across its core housing businesses and increasing exposure to energy-driven development opportunities in northern Scotland, Springfield believes it is well placed to strengthen its competitive position and create long-term value for shareholders.

    The company’s outlook remains positive, supported by strong financial execution, favourable valuation metrics and encouraging technical indicators. While a slowdown in free cash flow growth remains an area to monitor, Springfield’s strategic positioning and recent operational progress provide a solid foundation for future expansion.

    More About Springfield Properties PLC

    Springfield Properties plc is one of Scotland’s leading housebuilders, developing both private and affordable homes across the country. The company maintains a substantial land bank, with a particular focus on the North of Scotland, where growing demand is being driven by major energy security, infrastructure and renewable energy projects. Through its regional expertise and long-term development pipeline, Springfield is positioned to play an important role in addressing Scotland’s housing needs while benefiting from structural growth opportunities in high-demand markets.

  • Aeorema Achieves Record Cannes Lions Contracted Revenue as Repeat Business Strengthens Outlook (AEO)

    Aeorema Achieves Record Cannes Lions Contracted Revenue as Repeat Business Strengthens Outlook (AEO)

    Aeorema Communications’ (LSE:AEO) brand experience agency, Cheerful Twentyfirst, has secured its highest-ever level of contracted revenue associated with the Cannes Lions festival, supported by 17 confirmed brand activations and a 92% retention rate among returning projects.

    The record performance reflects strong ongoing demand from existing clients, with several major mandates renewed for 2026. These include large-scale activations such as SPORT BEACH, alongside projects for The Wall Street Journal and leading global SaaS businesses. The agency has also added five new activations to its Cannes programme this year, further expanding its presence at one of the world’s most prominent marketing and advertising events.

    Because a substantial portion of the Cannes-related revenue will be recognised during the first half of Aeorema’s newly aligned calendar-year reporting period, management believes the business enters 2026 with a high degree of earnings visibility. The contracted work provides a strong foundation for first-half trading and supports confidence in performance across the remainder of the financial year.

    Management also noted that the growing contribution from repeat and multi-year client relationships is helping to reduce historical revenue seasonality. Greater levels of recurring business are improving forecasting visibility, supporting margins and creating opportunities to extend client partnerships beyond Cannes into other major international events, including POSSIBLE and SXSW Austin.

    The company believes this expanding network of long-term relationships strengthens its competitive position within the brand experience sector, enabling it to compete effectively against larger global agency groups while maintaining a specialist, client-focused offering.

    From a financial perspective, Aeorema’s outlook remains balanced. Profitability has remained relatively stable, although revenue growth and cash generation have presented challenges. Recent corporate developments and a moderate valuation profile provide support for the investment case, while technical indicators suggest cautious optimism. Limited public guidance from management means visibility on longer-term forecasts remains somewhat constrained.

    More About Aeorema Communications

    Aeorema Communications is a London-headquartered strategic communications group specialising in corporate events, brand experiences and film production for international clients. Through its agencies, Cheerful Twentyfirst and Eventful Limited, the company delivers live, virtual and hybrid events for global brands and organisations. In addition to its UK operations, Aeorema maintains offices in New York and Amsterdam, supporting clients across multiple international markets.

  • Finseta Delivers Revenue Growth as International Expansion Strategy Gains Momentum (FIN)

    Finseta Delivers Revenue Growth as International Expansion Strategy Gains Momentum (FIN)

    Finseta (LSE:FIN) reported revenue of £12.4 million for 2025, representing a 9% increase from the previous year, as the foreign exchange and payments specialist continued to expand its corporate client base and strengthen its international presence. The growth was achieved despite softer activity levels among high-net-worth individuals and pressure on margins during the period.

    The company continued to invest heavily in a range of strategic growth initiatives, including the establishment of a full-service office in Dubai, the development of UK agency banking capabilities and the launch of operations in Canada. While these investments affected adjusted EBITDA in the short term, management believes they will provide a foundation for stronger growth over the medium term.

    A key driver of performance was the rapid expansion of the corporate division. Revenue generated from corporate customers increased by 54% during the year and now accounts for the majority of group turnover. Growth was supported by the introduction of new platform functionality and a broader focus on business-to-business payment services.

    Finseta also reported strong trading momentum in Dubai, continued growth in its customer base and progress toward securing broader regulatory permissions across Europe. These developments are expected to enhance the company’s ability to serve clients operating in specialist and underserved markets, further strengthening its position as a cross-border payments provider.

    Following the year end, the company completed a fundraising that has improved its balance sheet and provided additional resources to support future expansion plans. Management believes the strengthened financial position will help accelerate growth initiatives across existing and new markets.

    The company’s outlook is supported by increasing confidence in its corporate-focused strategy and ongoing financial progress. Strategic investments, international expansion efforts and recent director share purchases provide encouraging signals for investors. However, technical indicators remain weak and suggest some caution in the near term, while valuation metrics continue to appear balanced rather than compelling.

    More About Finseta plc

    Finseta plc is a London-based foreign exchange and payments company offering multi-currency account services and international payment solutions to both businesses and individual clients. Through its proprietary technology platform and relationship-driven approach, the company facilitates complex cross-border transactions in more than 150 currencies across over 165 countries. Finseta operates under multiple regulatory frameworks, including those in the United Kingdom, Canada and Dubai, enabling it to support a growing international customer base.

  • Premier Miton Focuses on Efficiency Measures as Asset Outflows Weigh on Interim Results (PMI)

    Premier Miton Focuses on Efficiency Measures as Asset Outflows Weigh on Interim Results (PMI)

    Premier Miton Group (LSE:PMI) reported a difficult first half for the six months ended 31 March 2026, as weaker market conditions and continued caution among UK retail investors contributed to lower assets under management and reduced profitability. Assets under management declined to £9.0 billion during the period, while adjusted pre-tax profit fell to £3.0 million.

    The group recorded net outflows of £1.3 billion, with the majority originating from a limited number of underperforming international equity strategies. Despite these challenges, several areas of the business continued to attract investor interest. Fixed income, multi-asset and income-focused products generated positive net inflows, highlighting the benefits of maintaining a diversified product range across multiple asset classes.

    In response to ongoing pressures, management has accelerated a restructuring programme designed to improve investment performance and operational efficiency. Measures implemented include changes to leadership within the global equities division, a simplification of team structures and enhanced investment oversight processes aimed at strengthening governance and improving short-term outcomes.

    The company has also expanded its cost-reduction initiatives, with total annualised savings now expected to reach £7.5 million. These actions have significantly lowered the group’s operating cost base while preserving key investment and client-service capabilities. Premier Miton continues to maintain a strong financial position, ending the period debt-free and holding cash balances of £24.6 million.

    Management reported early indications that business conditions may be beginning to stabilise. An increasing number of funds are outperforming their benchmarks, while the company’s distribution platform is helping direct investor flows toward products experiencing stronger demand and performance.

    The newly appointed chair acknowledged that the wider asset management sector continues to face challenges, including subdued investor risk appetite and structural weaknesses within the UK savings market that have weighed on active fund managers. However, the board believes Premier Miton is well placed to benefit should regulatory reforms and improving investor sentiment encourage renewed investment activity.

    By refining its strategic priorities, maintaining investment expertise and leveraging its established distribution network, the group aims to stabilise assets under management and position itself for future growth as market conditions improve.

    The company’s outlook remains constrained by a multi-year decline in revenue, pressure on margins and returns on equity, and weak technical market indicators reflecting negative momentum. Offsetting these concerns are a robust balance sheet with no debt, continued positive cash generation and an attractive dividend yield, although valuation metrics remain mixed. Management also notes that while outflow pressures persist, certain areas of the business continue to experience healthy client demand.

    More About Premier Miton Group

    Premier Miton Group is an AIM-listed UK investment management company focused on providing actively managed investment solutions to retail and institutional investors. The firm manages a broad range of strategies across equities, fixed income, multi-asset and absolute return mandates, supported by a well-established UK distribution platform. Its approach centres on delivering differentiated active investment products designed to meet evolving investor needs and market opportunities.

  • Flowtech Expands Hydraulic Engineering Operations Through Helipebs Controls Acquisition (FLO)

    Flowtech Expands Hydraulic Engineering Operations Through Helipebs Controls Acquisition (FLO)

    Flowtech Fluidpower (LSE:FLO) has completed the acquisition of the business and assets of Helipebs Controls, a Gloucester-based specialist manufacturer of hydraulic cylinders and hydraulic systems. With a heritage spanning more than 150 years, Helipebs has established a strong reputation for delivering high-performance engineering solutions to customers operating in sectors including energy, aerospace and defence, nuclear, and industrial manufacturing.

    The acquisition enhances Flowtech’s technical capabilities and broadens its exposure to specialist engineering markets. The addition of Helipebs brings in-house UK manufacturing expertise, international engineering experience and expanded service capabilities. As part of the transaction, Helipebs’ senior management team, including Managing Director Victoria Hayward, will join the wider Flowtech leadership structure to support future growth initiatives.

    The deal was completed for £0.4 million and funded entirely from Flowtech’s existing cash resources. Management expects the acquisition cost to be recovered through customer receipts by the end of the 2026 financial year. The transaction is also anticipated to result in a bargain purchase gain, which will be recognised as an exceptional accounting item.

    Financially, Flowtech expects Helipebs to contribute approximately £1.5 million of revenue and deliver modest positive EBITDA during the remainder of FY26. Looking ahead to FY27, revenue contributions are forecast to increase to around £4 million, with EBITDA expected to reach approximately £0.5 million. These projections are supported by a healthy order pipeline and multi-year agreements with a number of blue-chip customers.

    The acquisition represents another step in Flowtech’s ongoing consolidation strategy, following a series of acquisitions completed during 2024 and 2025. Management believes the transaction will strengthen the group’s position in technically demanding end markets while creating opportunities for operational synergies and long-term growth.

    Despite these strategic developments, the company’s outlook remains constrained by weak technical market indicators, with the share price trading below key moving averages and a negative MACD signal. Flowtech has also reported losses in recent years, reflected in negative earnings and a negative price-to-earnings ratio. However, these challenges are partially balanced by improving operating performance during 2025 and relatively strong cash generation trends.

    More About Flowtech Fluidpower

    Flowtech Fluidpower is an international distributor and engineering solutions provider focused on power, motion and control technologies. The company supplies hydraulic and pneumatic components, systems and technical services to a broad range of industrial customers. Through a combination of organic growth and targeted acquisitions, Flowtech continues to expand its engineering expertise, manufacturing capabilities and presence across specialist industrial markets.

  • GCP Infra Reports Stronger Interim Earnings While Maintaining Dividend Target (GCP)

    GCP Infra Reports Stronger Interim Earnings While Maintaining Dividend Target (GCP)

    GCP Infrastructure Investments Limited (LSE:GCP) delivered a solid performance during the six months ended 31 March 2026, demonstrating resilience despite continuing challenges across the UK alternative income investment sector. The FTSE 250-listed infrastructure debt fund remains invested across a diversified portfolio that includes renewable energy projects, PPP/PFI assets and supported living investments, with many holdings qualifying for the London Stock Exchange’s Green Economy Mark. A portion of the portfolio also benefits from inflation-linked income characteristics designed to support long-term returns.

    The company maintained its interim dividend at 3.5 pence per share, keeping it on track to meet its full-year dividend target of 7.0 pence per share. During the reporting period, shareholders benefited from a total return of 5.0%, while net asset value (NAV) generated a total return of 2.4%.

    Interim profit increased significantly to £17.0 million, compared with £0.4 million in the corresponding period last year. The improvement was largely attributed to a reduction in unrealised valuation losses across the portfolio. Net assets stood at £828.9 million at the period end, reflecting management’s ongoing focus on loan repayments, asset realisations and refinancing activity, alongside a £7.6 million share buyback programme aimed at narrowing the discount to NAV and lowering company-level debt.

    The investment portfolio was independently valued at £850.6 million, against a principal portfolio value of £903.4 million. During the half year, the company received £17.6 million in loan repayments, with additional repayments completed after the reporting date, further strengthening liquidity and capital flexibility.

    Management noted that the broader UK alternative income sector continues to face pressure from an oversupply of listed investment vehicles and relatively subdued investor demand. Nevertheless, GCP Infra’s share price performance has remained comparatively stable. Based on current market levels, the shares offer an implied yield of approximately 9.6%, reinforcing the fund’s appeal to investors seeking dependable income while the board continues to take a disciplined approach to capital allocation.

    The company’s outlook is supported by a conservative balance-sheet position, improving cash generation and generally constructive technical indicators. These strengths are balanced against inconsistent revenue trends and a relatively demanding earnings valuation. Continued dividend stability and share buybacks remain important elements of the company’s strategy to enhance shareholder value.

    More About GCP Infrastructure Investments Limited

    GCP Infrastructure Investments Limited is a FTSE 250-listed closed-ended investment company incorporated in Jersey and focused on infrastructure debt and related assets. The company invests in a diversified portfolio spanning UK renewable energy projects, social housing, supported living developments and PPP/PFI infrastructure schemes, with the objective of generating sustainable long-term income while preserving shareholder capital.

    Its portfolio includes exposure to solar, wind, biomass and anaerobic digestion assets, as well as healthcare, education, justice and housing-related infrastructure projects. With a principal portfolio value of approximately £903 million, a weighted average annualised yield of 8.0% and an average remaining life of around 11 years, GCP Infra seeks to provide investors with stable income derived from essential infrastructure assets that support both environmental and social outcomes.

  • Guardian Metal Identifies New Tungsten Mineralisation at Pilot Mountain Project (GMET)

    Guardian Metal Identifies New Tungsten Mineralisation at Pilot Mountain Project (GMET)

    Guardian Metal Resources (LSE:GMET) (AMEX:GMTL) (USOTC:GMTLF) has reported the discovery of a new tungsten-bearing skarn zone, named the Tremor Zone, within its wholly owned Pilot Mountain project in Nevada. The mineralised area was identified during condemnation drilling carried out to support infrastructure planning for the project’s pre-feasibility study (PFS).

    The first drill hole to test the area, PMR26-077, intersected multiple zones of tungsten mineralisation, including 13.68 metres grading 0.31% WO3 from a shallow depth. The result highlights the potential for additional mineral resources beyond those already defined at Pilot Mountain.

    Subsequent drilling using additional rigs has visually confirmed the presence of tungsten-bearing skarn across several holes. Exploration work completed to date suggests the Tremor Zone extends over approximately 400 metres of strike length, with mineralisation remaining open along strike and at depth in multiple directions.

    Although the discovery comes too late to be incorporated into the near-complete pre-feasibility study, management believes the scale and location of the new zone demonstrate the broader exploration upside at Pilot Mountain. The Tremor Zone is situated within a royalty-free area of the project, adding to its potential economic significance. The discovery further supports Guardian Metal’s ambition to become a major domestic supplier of tungsten to U.S. defence, industrial and strategic supply chains.

    From a financial perspective, the company continues to face challenges associated with limited revenue generation, widening losses and deteriorating free cash flow. However, these factors are partly offset by a debt-free balance sheet. Technical indicators present a mixed outlook, with the share price remaining above key moving averages despite a negative MACD signal. Valuation metrics remain constrained by ongoing losses and the absence of dividend payments.

    More About Guardian Metal Resources plc

    Guardian Metal Resources plc is a strategic minerals exploration and development company focused on restoring domestic tungsten production in the United States and strengthening supply-chain security for critical defence metals. The company is listed on NYSE American, the London market and OTCQB, and is advancing two flagship tungsten assets in Nevada: Pilot Mountain, one of the largest undeveloped tungsten deposits in the United States, and Tempiute, a historically significant tungsten-producing district. Development efforts have been supported by previous funding under the U.S. Defense Production Act.

  • Tertiary Minerals Raises £1 Million to Progress Zambian Silver Oxide Development Plans (TYM)

    Tertiary Minerals Raises £1 Million to Progress Zambian Silver Oxide Development Plans (TYM)

    Tertiary Minerals (LSE:TYM) has secured approximately £985,000 before expenses through a placing of 1.97 billion new ordinary shares at 0.05 pence each. The placing price represents a 17% discount to the company’s previous closing bid price. The new shares account for roughly 28% of the enlarged share capital, with admission to AIM expected on or around 9 June 2026.

    In addition, certain directors have indicated their intention to invest a further £15,000 once the company is no longer subject to a close period. Proceeds from the fundraising will be directed primarily toward advancing exploration activities at the Mushima North Target A1 silver oxide discovery in Zambia. Planned work includes drilling programmes and technical assessments aimed at delivering a maiden JORC-compliant mineral resource estimate before the end of 2026. Remaining funds will be used for general corporate purposes and working capital requirements.

    Upon completion of the placing, Tertiary’s total issued share capital will increase to 7,124,355,727 ordinary shares. The enlarged share count will establish the new reference point for shareholder voting-right calculations under FCA disclosure and transparency regulations.

    The fundraising highlights continued backing from institutional investors and high-net-worth individuals for the company’s flagship silver oxide project in Zambia. Management’s focus is now shifting toward converting exploration success into a defined mineral resource, a milestone that could strengthen the project’s strategic value as demand for metals linked to the energy transition continues to grow.

    While the company benefits from a debt-free balance sheet, its financial profile remains challenged by ongoing losses and continued cash outflows. Market indicators present a mixed picture, with signs of longer-term trend improvement offset by weaker short-term momentum. Valuation metrics also remain under pressure due to negative earnings and the absence of dividend payments.

    More About Tertiary Minerals

    Tertiary Minerals plc is an AIM-listed mineral exploration and development company focused on commodities associated with the global energy transition. Its principal activities are centred on the exploration and development of copper and precious metal projects in Zambia and Nevada, United States. Operating in established mining jurisdictions, the company aims to capitalise on increasing long-term demand for metals required for electrification and renewable energy technologies.

  • CRISM Secures Major UK Grant to Support Phase 2 Glioblastoma Study (CRTX)

    CRISM Secures Major UK Grant to Support Phase 2 Glioblastoma Study (CRTX)

    CRISM Therapeutics (LSE:CRTX) has been awarded an £896,088 non-dilutive grant through Innovate UK’s Biomedical Catalyst programme, providing funding for 70% of the costs associated with Part 1 of its open-label, Phase 2 registration-grade trial of irinotecan-ChemoSeed in patients undergoing surgical resection for glioblastoma.

    The grant, which was awarded through a highly competitive process, complements the company’s recent equity fundraising efforts and provides further validation of both its technology platform and clinical development strategy. The funding strengthens CRISM’s financial position as it advances treatments in an area of oncology where therapeutic options remain limited.

    The 12-month programme will be conducted at several leading neuro-oncology centres across the UK. The study aims to generate key safety, dosing and preliminary efficacy data that could support future regulatory submissions and potential adoption of irinotecan-ChemoSeed within the NHS.

    Should the trial deliver positive outcomes, CRISM could benefit from faster clinical acceptance of the treatment in recurrent glioblastoma while also improving opportunities for strategic partnerships, licensing agreements and wider commercial deployment of the ChemoSeed platform across additional cancer indications.

    Despite this development, the company continues to face financial challenges. Revenue remains limited, while losses and negative free cash flow persist, although recent trends indicate improvements in cash burn and operating losses. CRISM also maintains a debt-free balance sheet. From a market perspective, technical indicators remain constructive, though a high Relative Strength Index (RSI) suggests the shares may be approaching overbought territory in the near term. Valuation metrics remain difficult to assess given the absence of earnings and dividend support.

    More About CRISM Therapeutics Corporation

    CRISM Therapeutics Corporation is a UK-based clinical-stage drug delivery company focused on developing technologies that enable localised, sustained chemotherapy delivery for the treatment of solid tumours. Its flagship product, ChemoSeed, is a biodegradable implant designed to deliver concentrated chemotherapy directly to tumours or surgical resection sites. The technology is being developed for use in glioblastoma and other cancers, helping overcome challenges such as the blood-brain barrier that can limit the effectiveness of conventional treatments.